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Artificial intelligence is the field of computer science that helps to understand where intelligent machines can be manufactured in a manner that they work like humans. The procedure that is used in building the intelligent machines is to reinforced the decision making process which is totally analyzed based on the data that is present in an organization. It is the same way humans get the information and then take an appropriate decision. But in the case of artificial intelligence, it is done by gathering and analyzing tons of data. One can join Artificial intelligence training to become proficient in mastering Artificial Intelligence Technology. Below are the few reasons where Artificial Intelligence is used and has proven to be more beneficial in terms of efficiency and accuracy.

• Less Error: Errors are reduced, thus the possibility of reaching the accuracy is increased.
• Quick Decisions: The decisions can be taken very fast by using Artificial intelligence.
• Daily Applications: In today’s time, artificial intelligence is used in several applications such as Window’s Cortana, Apple’s Siri, etc. Using these applications, communication can be done with our device. This in turns make the work easy.
• Emotionless: This features make machines to go logically and take better decision whereas human emotions are depend on their moods which is not good for human efficiency.
• No Breaks: Machine can work 24*7 without taking any break. In case of human, it is not possible.
• Medical Applications: Implementation of artificial intelligence tools I medical applications certainly improve the efficiency of treatments and can reduce the cost by minimizing the risk of false diagnosis
• Taking risks on behalf of humans: Robots or machines can be used in place of humans to avoid the risk in various circumstances.

Rebuilding the process by implementing Artificial Intelligence will be definitely the future and it makes sense to build the skill in this arena. Artificial intelligence training in Noida helps you to build these skills for artificial intelligence. There are various possibilities available where the implementation is not particular to an industry but can be generalized.

Top 10 Mongodb Interview Questions and Answers Here are ten commonly asked MongoDB interview questions along with their answers:
1. What is MongoDB? Answer: MongoDB is a NoSQL, open-source database designed for scalability and flexibility. Unlike relational databases, MongoDB uses a document-oriented data model, storing data in BSON (Binary JSON) format. This allows for a more dynamic schema, enabling applications to handle a variety of data types and structures more easily.
2. Explain the difference between SQL and MongoDB. Answer: Data Model: SQL databases use a table-based schema with rows and columns, whereas MongoDB uses a document-based model with collections of JSON-like documents. Schema: SQL requires a predefined schema, while MongoDB allows for a flexible, schema-less design. Queries: SQL uses SQL queries and joins, while MongoDB uses a query language with rich JSON-like syntax and aggregation pipelines. Scaling: MongoDB is designed for horizontal scaling through sharding, while traditional SQL databases typically scale vertically by upgrading hardware.
3. What is a collection in MongoDB? Answer: A collection in MongoDB is analogous to a table in relational databases. It is a grouping of MongoDB documents. Collections do not enforce a schema, so documents within a collection can have different structures.
4. How does MongoDB handle indexing? Answer: MongoDB supports various types of indexes, including single field, compound, text, geospatial, and hashed indexes. Indexes improve query performance by allowing the database to quickly locate documents. By default, MongoDB creates an index on the _id field, which ensures uniqueness and improves performance for queries involving the document's primary key.
5. Explain the concept of sharding in MongoDB. Answer: Sharding is a method for distributing data across multiple servers to ensure horizontal scalability. In MongoDB, sharding involves splitting data into smaller chunks and distributing them across different shards. Each shard is a replica set that contains a subset of the data. A shard key is used to determine the distribution of data.
6. What are replica sets in MongoDB? Answer: A replica set is a group of MongoDB servers that maintain the same data set. It provides redundancy and high availability by replicating data across multiple servers. One member of the replica set is the primary node that handles all write operations, while the secondary nodes replicate the data from the primary and can serve read requests.
7. How do you perform a query in MongoDB? Answer: Queries in MongoDB are performed using the find() method, which can take a query document to specify search criteria. For example: javascript db.collection.find({ "field": "value" }) This query retrieves documents where the field equals the specified value. MongoDB also supports various query operators for more complex queries.
8. What is the role of the aggregation framework in MongoDB? Answer: The aggregation framework in MongoDB processes data records and returns computed results. It provides a way to perform operations such as filtering, grouping, sorting, and reshaping data. The aggregation pipeline uses stages to transform and aggregate data, allowing for complex queries and analytics.
9. How do you handle data consistency in MongoDB? Answer: MongoDB provides different consistency models based on replication and write concerns. Write concern specifies the level of acknowledgment required from the database when writing data. For example, a write concern of { w: "majority" } ensures that the write operation is acknowledged by the majority of replica set members, providing a higher level of data consistency.
10. What are some common performance optimization techniques in MongoDB? Answer: Common performance optimization techniques include: Indexing: Properly index fields that are frequently queried or used in sorting operations. Query Optimization: Use efficient queries and avoid operations that require scanning large datasets. Sharding: Distribute data across multiple shards to balance load and enhance performance. Schema Design: Design schemas that minimize the need for joins and optimize data retrieval. Caching: Utilize caching mechanisms to reduce the load on the database and speed up access to frequently accessed data. These answers should provide a solid foundation for understanding key concepts and prepare you for MongoDB interviews.

Peoplesoft Interview Questions and Answers will guide us now that PeopleSoft Inc. was a company that provided human resource management systems (HRMS) and customer relationship management (CRM) and manufacturing, financials, enterprise performance management, and student administration software solutions to large corporations, governments, and organizations.    

1. Explain of Linux?

Linux is an operating system based on UNIX, and was first displayed by Linus Torvalds. It relies on upon the Linux Kernel, and can run on different hardware platforms made by Intel, MIPS, IBM, HP, SPARC and Motorola. The other common element in Linux is its mascot, a penguin figure named Tux.

2. What is the difference between UNIX and LINUX?

UNIX at first begun as a propriety operating system from Bell Laboratories, which later on produced into different commercial versions. On the other hand, Linux is free, open source and intended as a non-authenticity operating system for the masses.

3. What is BASH?

BASH is short for Bourne Again Shell. It was made by Steve Bourne as a replacement to the primary Bourne Shell (addressed by/repository/sh). It unites each one of the components from the original version of Bourne Shell, plus additional functions to make it easier and simpler to use. It has since been adapted as the default shell for most systems running Linux.

4. What is the advantage of open source?

Open source empowers you to pass on your software, including source codes freely to anyone who is fascinated. People would then have the ability to incorporate highlights and even investigate and correct errors that are in the source code. They can even improve its running, and after that redistribute these improved source code freely again. This definitely benefits everyone in the community.

5. What are the basic components of Linux?

Linux has these components: kernel, shells and GUIs, system utilities and application program. What makes Linux productive over other operating system is that every perspective goes with additional features and all codes for these are downloadable for free.

6. What is the importance of the GNU project?

This so-called free software movement allows several benefits, such as the freedom to run programs for any purpose and freedom to study and modify a program to your needs. It also enables you to redistribute copies of software to other people, as well as freedom to improve software and have it released to the public.

7. What is CLI?

CLI (Command Line Interface) is the interface that empowers customer to write declared commands to prepare the PC to implement operations. CLI offers a perfect flexibility. Regardless, other customers who are already familiarizing with using GUI find it difficult to recall commands consolidating properties that come with it.

8. How do you open a command prompt when issuing a command?

To open the default shell, press Ctrl-Alt-F1. This will give a command line interface (CLI) from which you can run commands as required.

9. How can you find out how much memory Linux is using?

From a command shell, use the “concatenate” command: cat /proc/meminfo for memory usage information. You should see a line starting something like: Mem: 64655360, etc. This is the total memory Linux thinks it has available to use.

10. What is typical size for a swap partition under a Linux system?

The favored size for a swap partition is twice the measure of physical memory available on the system. If this is not possible, then the base size should be the same as the measure of memory installed.

11. Does the Ctrl +Alt + Del key combination work on Linux?

Yes, it does. Same like Windows, you can use this key combination to play out a system restart. One difference is that you won't be getting any confirmation message and thusly, reboot is fast.

12. Are drives such as hard drive and floppy drives represented with drive letters?

No. In Linux, each drive and device has different assignments. For example, floppy drives are insinuated as/dev/fd0 and/dev/fd1. IDE/EIDE hard drives are implied as/dev/hda,/dev/hdb,/dev/hdc, and so on.

13. In Linux, what names are assigned to the different serial ports?

Serial ports are recognized as/dev/ttyS0 to/dev/ttyS7. These are the equivalent names of COM1 to COM8 in Windows.

14. How do you access partitions under Linux?

Linux consigns numbers toward the complete of the drive identifier. For example, if the main IDE hard drive had three basic allocations, they would be named/numbered, /dev/hda1, /dev/hda2 and/dev/hda3.

In a Python programming interview, candidates are assessed on their proficiency with Python language features, coding skills, and problem-solving abilities. Interview questions typically cover a range of topics, including basic syntax, data structures, and algorithms. Candidates may be asked to demonstrate their understanding of Python's key features such as dynamic typing, list comprehensions, and decorators. top interview python programming question and answers prepared by industry experts:
1. What are Python's key features? Answer: Dynamic Typing: Variable types are determined at runtime, not in advance. Interpreted Language: Python code is executed line by line, making it easy to test and debug. Object-Oriented: Python supports classes and objects, enabling OOP principles like inheritance and encapsulation. Easy Syntax: Python's syntax is clear and readable, making it user-friendly and reducing the learning curve. Extensive Standard Library: Python includes a comprehensive standard library for various tasks, such as file handling, web development, and more. Cross-Platform: Python is available on multiple operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.
2. Explain the difference between list and tuple in Python. Answer: Mutability: Lists are mutable, meaning you can change their contents (e.g., add, remove, or modify elements). Tuples are immutable; once created, their contents cannot be changed. Syntax: Lists use square brackets [] (e.g., [1, 2, 3]), while tuples use parentheses () (e.g., (1, 2, 3)). Performance: Tuples have a slight performance advantage over lists for read operations due to their immutability, which allows for optimizations.
3. How does Python handle memory management? Answer: Python uses automatic memory management through a garbage collection mechanism. It employs a reference counting system to keep track of the number of references to each object. When the reference count drops to zero, meaning no references to the object remain, the memory occupied by that object is freed. Python also includes a cyclic garbage collector to handle reference cycles, which reference counting alone cannot address.
4. What is the difference between deepcopy and shallow copy? Answer: Shallow Copy: Creates a new object but inserts references into it to the objects found in the original. Changes to mutable objects within the shallow copy will be reflected in the original object. Use copy.copy() to create a shallow copy. Deep Copy: Creates a new object and recursively copies all objects found in the original object, ensuring that the new object is independent of the original. Changes to the deep copy will not affect the original object. Use copy.deepcopy() to create a deep copy.
5. How do you handle exceptions in Python? Answer: Exceptions in Python are handled using try, except, else, and finally blocks: python try: # Code that might raise an exception result = 10 / 0 except ZeroDivisionError: # Code to execute if an exception occurs print("Cannot divide by zero.") else: # Code to execute if no exceptions occur print("Operation successful.") finally: # Code that will always execute print("Execution completed.")
6. What is a Python decorator and how is it used? Answer: A decorator is a function that modifies or extends the behavior of another function or method. It is applied using the @decorator_name syntax before the function definition. Decorators are often used for logging, access control, instrumentation, and more. Example: python def decorator_function(func): def wrapper(): print("Something is happening before the function is called.") func() print("Something is happening after the function is called.") return wrapper @decorator_function def say_hello(): print("Hello!") say_hello()
7. What are Python generators and how do they work? Answer: Generators are iterators that allow you to iterate over a sequence of values lazily, meaning values are produced on-the-fly rather than storing the entire sequence in memory. They are created using functions with the yield keyword. Each call to yield produces a value and suspends the function's execution until the next value is requested. Example: python def generate_numbers(): for i in range(5): yield i gen = generate_numbers() for number in gen: print(number)
8. Explain the concept of Python's Global Interpreter Lock (GIL). Answer: The Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) is a mutex that protects access to Python objects, preventing multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes concurrently. This means Python threads are not fully parallel, which can limit multi-threaded performance. However, I/O-bound tasks can benefit from threading, while CPU-bound tasks may require multiprocessing to bypass the GIL limitations.
9. What is the difference between __str__ and __repr__ methods in Python? Answer: __str__: Used to define a user-friendly string representation of an object, meant for display and readability. It is called by the print() function and str(). __repr__: Used to define a developer-friendly string representation of an object, intended for debugging and development. It is called by the repr() function and is often more detailed, showing the object's internal state.
10. How do list comprehensions work in Python? Answer: List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists. They consist of an expression followed by a for clause, and optionally additional for or if clauses. They are generally more compact and readable than using traditional loops. Example: python squares = [x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0] # Output: [0, 4, 16, 36, 64] These questions cover a range of fundamental Python concepts and should help you prepare for a variety of programming interviews. Please visit us- www.multisoftsystems.com

Data driven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while test case logic resides in Test Scripts.  Test data is read from the external files (Excel Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both input values and for verification values. Keyword driven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation.  In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions are set for each test.

1. What is Selenium 2.0?

Selenium 2.0 is the most widely used tool of selenium family. This API fit with the same role played by Selenium RC. Format for expressing webdriver: Selenium 1.0 (IDE) + RC = Selenium 2.0

2. Mention what is Selenium 3.0?

Selenium 3.0 is the advanced version of Selenium and is mainly used tool for user-focused automation of mobile and web apps. 3) Explain what is Data driven framework and Keyword driven? Data driven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts, while test case logic resides in Test Scripts.  Test data is read from the external files (Excel Files) and are loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both input values and for verification values. Keyword driven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and keywords, independent of the test automation.  In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions are set for each test.  

4. List out the test types that are supported by Selenium?

Selenium supports the following test types:

• Functional, Learn More about Functional Testing.
• Regression

For post release validation with continuous integration automation tool could be used:

• Jenkins
• Hudson
• Quick Build
• CruiseCont

5. Mention what is the use of X-path?

X-Path is used to find the Web Element in web pages. Moreover, it is used to identify the dynamic elements.

6. List out the technical challenges with Selenium?

Technical challenges with Selenium are:

• Selenium supports only web based applications
• It does not support the Bitmap comparison
• For any reporting related capabilities have to depend on third party tools
• No vendor support for tool compared to commercial tools like HP UFT
• As there is no object repository concept in Selenium, maintainability of objects becomes difficult

7. What is the difference between type keys and type commands?

Type Keys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates  

1. Explain what is ETL?

ETL is the process of transferring data from source database to the sink data warehouse. In this process, there are 3 different processes like E for Extract the data, T for Transform the data and L for Load the data. The data is extracted from the source database in the extraction process which is then transformed into the required format and then loaded to the sink data warehouse.

2. Mention what are the types of data warehouse applications and what is the difference between data mining and data warehousing?

The types of data warehouse applications are:

• Info Processing
• Analytical Processing
• Data Mining

Data mining can be define as the process of extracting hidden predictive information from huge databases and interpret the data while data warehousing may make use of a data mine for analytical processing of the data in a faster way. Data warehousing is the way of aggregating data from multiple sources into one common repository.  

3. What is fact? What are the types of facts?

Fact is a central component of a multi-dimensional model which contains the measures to be examined. Facts are related to dimensions. Types of facts are:

• Additive Facts
• Non-additive Facts
• Semi-additive Facts

4. Explain what are Cubes and OLAP Cubes?

Cubes are data handling units included of fact tables and dimensions from the data warehouse. It provides multi-dimensional analysis. OLAP stands for Online Analytics Processing, and OLAP cube stores large data in multi-dimensional form for reporting purposes. It consists of facts called as measures categorized by dimensions.

5. Explain what is tracing level and what are the types?

Tracing level is the amount of data placed in the log files. Tracing level can be classified in two types Normal and Verbose. Normal level describes the tracing level in a comprehensive manner while verbose explains the tracing levels at each and every row.

6. Explain what fact less fact schema is and what is Measures?

A fact table without measures is known as Fact less fact table. It can view the number of occurring events. For example, it is used to record an event such as employee count in a company. The numeric data is based on columns in a fact table is called as Measures

7. Explain what is transformation?

A transformation is a repository object which produces, modifies or passes data. Transformations are of two types:

• Active
• Passive

8. Explain the use of Lookup Transformation?

The Lookup Transformation is used for:

• Getting a related value from a table using a column value
• Update slowly changing dimension table
• Verify whether records already exist in the table

9. Mention what is the advantage of using Data Reader Destination Adapter?

The advantage of using the Data Reader Destination Adapter is that it populates an ADO record set in memory and exposes the data from the Data Flow task by implementing the Data Reader interface, so that other application can consume the data.

10. Using SSIS (SQL Server Integration Service) what are the possible ways to update table?

To update table using SSIS the possible ways are:

• Use a SQL command
• Use Cache
• Use a staging table
• Use the Script Task
• Use full database name for updating if MSSQL is used

11. In case you have non-OLEDB (Object Linking and Embedding Database) source for the lookup what would you do?

In case if you have non-OLEBD source for the lookup then you have to use Cache to load data and use it as source

12. In what case do you use dynamic cache and static cache in connected and unconnected transformations?

Dynamic cache is used when you have to update master table and slowly changing dimensions (SCD). For flat files Static cache is used

13. What is Bus Schema?

For the various business processes to identify the common dimensions, BUS schema is used. It comes with a conformed dimension along with a standardized definition of information

14. Explain what is data source view?

A data source view defines the relational schema which will be used in the analysis services databases. Rather than directly from data source objects, dimensions and cubes are created from data source views.

15. How you can extract SAP data using Informatica?

With the power connect option you extract SAP data using informatica

• Install and configure the Power Connect tool
• Import the source into the Source Analyzer. Between Informatica and SAP Power connect act as a gateway. The next step is to generate the ABAP code for the mapping then only informatica can pull data from SAP
• To connect and import sources from external systems Power Connect is used

16. Explain what is data purging?

Data purging is a process of removing data from data warehouse. It deletes junk data's like rows with null values or extra spaces.

17. Explain what are Schema Objects?

Schema objects are the logical structure that directly refers to the databases data. A schema object includes tables, sequence synonyms, views, indexes, clusters, functions packages and database links.

The Architect interview contains common questions as every company needs a guy to perform drawings. So here we bring Questions and Answers to help candidates who are appearing for interviews. Generally Manufacturing companies only hire such people and they don’t ask you deep queries in AUTOCAD but if you are applying for a software company you can expect complex questions. So we prepared this post to help you on answering both of the Questions.

1. AutoCAD?

AutoCAD is a software program widely used design 2-D and 3-D images.  It gives the tools by which a complete design of the product can be done. It also has the option to design detailed layout, which can be automatically drawn by using source model.

2. How to uses of AutoCAD?

AutoCAD can be used to visualize the imaginary view of the product on a system. In AutoCAD, it is possible by the drafter to make the changes in the product before it gets finalized for design. It also offers the freedom for the designer to implement their several thoughts and represent them to their clients.

3. What are the fields where you see maximum use of AutoCAD?

AutoCAD is used for developing building layouts and is more popular among

• Architects
• Engineers
• Builders

4. How you can create a user interface in AutoCAD?

User interface can be created by using the command prompts to draw the plots and dialog boxes. The dialog boxes can be displayed by the use of PLOT command and the external database commands (ASE).  Setting of CMDDIA to 1, allows the dialog boxes to run the command.  The user interface creation also needs the command line to display the entire file so that it can be edited or customized easily.

6. What is the function of vertical integration?

Vertical integration program is use to improve the architectural design of 3D object.  The 3D objects can include walls and other things that are allied with the data having information and objects like lines and circles. The data is programmed in such a manner that it signifies only the architectural products and the extracted files, and can be changed according to the requirement.

7. Variant in AutoCAD?

Variants are used to help in creation, visualizing and rendering the 3D models with 3D printing as well.  Variants enable you to use the functionality of various applications according to the need.

8. What are grips?

Grips: These are the small boxes that appear on the objects you choose.  You can edit an object by dragging a grip.

9. What is the process to draw a line more than one time and save it automatically?

When a requirement arises to draw a new line the process opens up a new file in a new session to write the file. AutoCAD enables saving multiple drawing for each session. The files are saved by using the file extension .dwg and it can be changed by using the browser.

10. What are the steps that enable the drag and drop feature in AutoCAD?

AutoCAD provides a way to drag and drop the elements by the use of “NOUN” and “VERB” in a dialog box.  It allows the object to move from one place to another.  Likewise, the remove or editing function can be done by using “MOVE and ERASE”.

11. What are the features corrected by AutoCAD?

AutoCAD detects the problem and correct it by removing the corruption with the drawing parts.  With the available option of adding additional vertices, it also adds vertices to the poly-lines. The error can be corrected or neglected by finding out the exact location of the poly-line that has zero vertices.  The object can be deleted or removed after there is no use of it in the system.

12. What you are supposed to do when “Enter Attributes” dialogue doesn’t display?

When such problems occur, two variable ATTREQ and ATTDIA control this function. Make sure both the variables are set to 1 and not 0.

14. How you can hide the specific layers when plotting in AutoCAD?

To hide the specific layers while plotting, you can use various options like turning off the layers for plotting, freezing the layers and turning off. Turning off for plotting will show the layers on the screen but won’t output on printing. The layers that are turned off will hide the layers and also it will not appear on the screen.

15. In what situation command prompt appears instead of a dialog boxes?

If a file command is imported from a script or AutoLISP/ ObjectARX/ ADSRX a command prompt appears instead of a dialog box.

16. In AutoCAD, what is the command that is used to rotate the grid at 45 degrees?

UCS command is used to rotate the grid at 45 degrees.

17. Why AutoCAD WS is more popular among mobile users?

AutoCAD WS provides many options for mobile application developer like edit, view and share.  They can easily share the application wherever they go and can develop an application in a matter of time. The application can be downloaded and installed from anywhere in the world, ignoring the licensing problem. The users can save file in any format and can run the application on any platform with ease.

18. How can you make a spring, spiral or screw thread?

To make a spiral or screw thread use an AutoLISP routine such as spiral.1sp, it will create a spiral path according to your need. Then you can use EXTRUDE command with a reference object, using the spiral as the path.  Also, there is another way you can do this, by using Mechanical Desktop (MDT) or Autosurf by using augmented lines as path.

19. Tell me how you assign the keyboard characters or function keys to AutoCAD commands?

By editing the ACCELERATORS section of the AutoCAD menu file we can assign keyboard characters to AutoCAD commands.

20. What will you do when command prompts appear on the command line instead of ASE dialog box and plot dialog box?

CMDDIA variable controls the display of dialog boxes. To enable these dialog boxes you have to set CMDDIA to 1.

Blockchain is a renowned platform for digital assets where data is manipulated in blocks which are associated and secured by using cryptocurrency. It is widely used in medium and large scale organization for digital transactions. Learning about the Blockchain concept from a Blockchain training program at earliest will certainly open the gate for numerous career opportunities. Blockchain is very useful in the current time as it provides digital transactions among two parties and trading is very dependent on Blockchain technology. It offers several benefits, some of them are suggested below:

• Stock market: Blockchain takes very short period of time to settle the bonds and stocks in comparison with general trading which takes two to three days-time to settle those stocks and bonds
• Real Estate: The cost and time related to real estate will be less in comparison to the general representation of providing titles, historic values and Transactions.
• Ownership Proof: Blockchain technology prevents the stealing of products, as the products that are bought have an ownership proof that is being saved using Blockchain.
• Encrypted Messaging: The end to end messaging is one of the major benefits of Blockchain technology to encode messages and store bits of data on various computer systems where it can only be accessed with a private key.
• Smart Contracts: Smart contracts can be built on a registry and work as decentralized applications. These programs may perform increasingly sophisticated functions and may reduce the need for standard legal contracts.

Blockchain training is in Noida is specially designed to provide the in depth knowledge of the Blockchain concepts to each and every student. The training program covers the basic and advanced concepts of Blockchain technology and any IT professional can go through the Blockchain Course easily. The objectives of this training program are:

• Extensive knowledge of Bitcoins and cryptocurrency will be gained.
• In depth knowledge of Trading using cryptocurrency and its benefits will be explained
• Introduction of smart contracts and its usage in real-time will be taught.
• API’s and Network topology will be explained clearly.
• Understand the deployment of transactions on the Blockchain node.
• Understand what is bitcoin, how and why it came into existence.
• Explain cryptography and crypto-currency
• Distinguish the various network structures